AFRIKAANS (see South African)

AMERICAN SOUTHERN
Teaches three general variations: General Deep South (the non-mountain areas of the Southeastern U.S.), Mountain Southern (characteristic of Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas and other mountain regions), and Plantation-style Southern (the heavily-resonated dialect of many regions of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, etc., often associated with highly-educated landowners, lawyers, and politicians).

APPALACHIAN (see American Southern/Mountain)

ARABIC
Tape teaches one to sound like an Arabic language native who now speaks English as a second language. Denotes the slight difference between speakers from North African countries like Egypt and Libya and those from the Persian Gulf, such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

AUSTRALIAN
Teaches "soft" and "hard" versions of the Australian dialect. Also briefly discusses the difference between Australian and New Zealand dialects.

AUSTRIAN
Austrians who speak English as a second language have a unique variety of German accent with a very specific lilt or intonation pattern. You can get the basics of the Austrian language resonance and pronunciations from the GERMAN tape. Listen to Arnold Schwarzenegger and Wolfgang Puck for examples of the Austrian intonation pattern.

BOSTON
Teaches the two styles of dialect spoken within the Boston metropolitan area. Separate tapes are available for "Down East" and "Kennedy-esque" dialects.

BRITISH (Standard British)
Teaches what is commonly known as "the Queen's English," "Received Pronunciation" or "BBC Standard." This is the more educated dialect of Southern England. Use this for characters who are somewhat educated and who are not specifically identified as being working class or coming from particular regions (like the midlands, North Country or West Country).

BRITISH NORTH COUNTRY
Dialects from Northern England--especially the Yorkshire and Lancashire areas. Also includes brief instruction on modifications necessary for creating the Liverpool sound. The Manchester dialect is in between the North Country and Liverpool sounds.

BRONX (see New York City)

BROOKLYN (see New York City)

BUFFALO (see Chicago)

CENTRAL AMERICAN (see Spanish)

CHICAGO
Teaches the basic dialect of metropolitan Chicago. This same general speech pattern can also be used for characters originating in Detroit, Buffalo or nearly any area on the American side of the Great Lakes.

COCKNEY
Focuses on the basic street London, or Cockney, dialect in its lighter and heavier versions.

CUBAN (see Spanish)

CZECH
Although there is no tape in the series which teaches this pattern directly, you can approximate the sound by following the directions for tone placement and pronunciation on the POLISH tape, leaving out the upward pitch glide so characteristic of the Polish language.

DANISH
WARNING: DANISH accents are not at all similar to Norwegian and Swedish. As of this writing, the series has no tapes for this pattern. Listen to Victor Borge for an example.

DETROIT (see Chicago)

DOWN EAST NEW ENGLAND
Also known as a "Yankee" accent, this dialect is no longer the dominant speech pattern of Maine and New Hampshire. It can, though, still be heard in many rural and coastal areas of Eastern New England. Because it was once more common in the earlier part of the century, it may still be used in such pieces as Our Town, Desire Under the Elms and Ethan Frome.

DUTCH
As of this writing, there is no tape in the series which teaches or approximates the Dutch accent. Note: In The Diary of Anne Frank, Mr. & Mrs. Frank would use German; all others were Dutch speaking.

EASTERN EUROPEAN
Many directors will ask for a "general Eastern European accent." There really is no such thing. Some of the Slavic languages impose similar-sounding accents on English, but there are many other languages such as Hungarian, Romanian, and Russian which have very unique sounds. See RUSSIAN and POLISH tapes in this series.

ENGLISH (See British Standard, Cockney, and British North Country)

FARM BELT-American (See Mid-West Farm/Ranch)

FARSI (Persian)
This is the language of Iran; actors can also approximate a Turkish accent with this tape.

FINNISH
WARNING: Finnish accents are not at all similar to Norwegian and Swedish. As of this writing, the series has no tapes for this pattern. However, some Finnish accents can be faked by using a "soft" Russian.

FRENCH
Focuses around the country of France, but also includes a very brief discussion on the changes needed to create a French Canadian accent.

GERMAN
Centers on different intensities of accents for characters from Germany--not dialects from Austria or Switzerland, which are very different and not taught on this tape.

GREAT LAKES (see Chicago)

GREEK
As of this writing, there is no tape in the series for the Greek accent. HOWEVER, to approximate the accent, learn the rhythm and stress patterns from the ITALIAN tape. Modify that by creating a slightly throaty tone placement and adding a guttural pronunciation of the letter H.

HAITIAN (see West Indian/Black African)

HEBREW
The accent of native-born Israelis (as opposed to the accent of Yiddish-speaking, Eastern-European Jews).

HISPANIC (see Spanish)

HUNGARIAN
As of this writing, there is no tape in the series which teaches or approximates this accent.

INDIAN (Native American)
As of this writing, there are no tapes in the series which teach or approximate the accents of American Indians.

IRANIAN (see Farsi)

IRISH
Teaches the heavy and soft versions of the Southern Irish dialect with which Americans are most familiar. This tape does not teach the Northern Irish dialect of Belfast, Derry, and the rest of Ulster.

ISRAELI (see Hebrew)

ITALIAN
Teaches the basic Southern Italian accent with harder and softer rhythm patterns based on the area or the level of the character's mastery of English.

JAMAICAN (see West Indian/Black African)

LIVERPOOL (see British North Country)

LONDON (see British Standard and Cockney)

MAINE (see Down East New England)

MASSACHUSETTS
Only Eastern Massachusetts has the distinctive New England regionalism (see BOSTON and UPPER CLASS NEW ENGLAND). Central and Western Massachusetts have very much of a standard or non-regional American sound.

MEXICAN (see Spanish)

MID-WEST FARM/RANCH
Covers a big chunk of the U.S., stretching east and west from Indiana to Colorado and north and south from Kansas up through Iowa on one side and Montana on the other. This dialect is for characters from the mid-west farms, though it can reach into the cities of that region. Useful when a character is from a rural ranch but is not supposed to be identified as a Southerner.

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE (See British North Country)

NEW HAMPSHIRE
See DOWN EAST NEW ENGLAND for rural or coastal characters. See BOSTON for contemporary, urban characters.

NEW JERSEY
For Northern New Jersey (within approximately forty miles of NYC), see NEW YORK CITY. The Southern New Jersey dialect is similar to that of Philadelphia. As of this writing, there is no tape in the series which teaches that dialect.

NEW YORK CITY
Covers the general speech pattern of New York City, Westchester County, Long Island, Brooklyn, Bronx, New Jersey and shows actors how to impose Yiddish and Italian flavors upon the New York dialect.

NORWEGIAN/SWEDISH
Teaches a range of Norwegian and Swedish patterns, both with and without the heavy, sing-song lilts that sometimes occur in the northern parts of these countries. However, Finnish and Danish are in no way similar to Norwegian and Swedish and are not covered on this tape.

OKLAHOMA
Use the general central and east Texas variation on the TEXAS tape, and close up the lips more.

OZARK
For the Ozark Mountain dialect of Missouri and Arkansas, use the AMERICAN SOUTHERN tape and follow the directions for the Mountain variation.

PERSIAN (see Farsi)

PERSIAN GULF COUNTRIES
See FARSI for characters from Iran (Persia). See ARABIC for characters from all other Gulf countries.

POLISH
Centers on the accent for characters from Poland. By eliminating the upward lilt, you'll produce an accent which can often pass as Yugoslav or Czech.

PUERTO RICAN (see Spanish)

QUEBEC (see French)

RHODE ISLAND (see Boston)

ROMANIAN
As of this writing, there is no tape in the series which teaches or approximates a Romanian accent. Romanian is a Romance language, not a slavic language.

RUSSIAN
Creates different levels of accent intensity for characters from Russia, Ukraine, and those other areas of the former Soviet Union where the character would have had Russian as a first language.

SCANDINAVIAN (See Norwegian/Swedish, Danish, and Finnish)

SCOTTISH
Covers the softer sounds heard in Edinburgh and then shows how to intensify the accent to the heavier pattern of Glasgow.

SERBO-CROATIAN
This is the major language of some areas of the former Yugoslavia. Although there is no tape in the series which teaches this pattern directly, you can approximate the sound by following the directions for tone placement and pronunciation on the POLISH tape, but leave out the upward pitch glide so characteristic of the Polish language.

SOUTH AFRICAN
Some English South African dialects do resemble varieties of soft Australian (See AUSTRALIAN) or New Zealand dialects. For Black characters, see WEST INDIAN/BLACK AFRICAN.

SOUTH AMERICAN (see Spanish for all countries except Brazil)

SOUTHERN (see American Southern)

SPANISH
Teaches the general accent of the Spanish language, but is not limited to Spain. The basic speech pattern can be used for characters from nearly any Central or South American Country (except Brazil). Includes instruction on how to create the characteristics of the Mexican accent as well as those of Puerto Rico, Cuba and Spain.

TEXAS
Includes four variations: (1) the general central and east Texas sounds, (2) the more melodic dialect of the Houston area, (3) the flatter sound of the west-central and southwest Texas and (4) the closed, nasal sound of the Panhandle dialect.

TURKISH (see Farsi)

UKRANIAN (see Russian)

UPPER CLASS NEW ENGLAND (Kennedy-esque)
Speech pattern made popular in the early 1960s during the JFK administration. This is a mixture of Boston and "Eastern Preparatory School Aristocracy" speech patterns. It is also similar to Katherine Hepburn's dialect (which originated in Hartford, CT).

WEST INDIAN/BLACK AFRICAN
While there are many different tribal dialects spoken in Africa, they all lead to a very similar accent pattern when natives learn to speak English as a second language. This tape teaches that basic pattern and includes "island" variations for characters from Jamaica and Trinidad. Also offers very brief instructions on how to create a French Caribbean or Haitian-style accent.

YANKEE (see Down East)

YIDDISH
Teaches the accent of native Eastern European Jews who grew up speaking the Yiddish language and now speak English as a second language. This is not the accent of native-born, Hebrew-speaking Israelis or of American-born Jews who grew up speaking English.

YORKSHIRE (See British North Country)

YUGOSLAV (see Serbo-Croatian)